A place to start with data like Landsat would be to use Band 4 (Near Infrared) to differentiate water from vegetation. Water tends to be very dark in that band, while vegetation is very bright. You could try the following:
- Use the Cursor Location/Value tool to look at the general DN (brightness) values for water in a scene
- Use the Band Threshold to ROI tool to highlight the areas in a scene that have DN values near that of water (based on what you observed in the first step) by specifying a range of values (min and max)
- With the ROI generated, you can go to the ROI Tool window for the display that contains your image and choose Options->Report Area of ROIs and choose the ROI you created.
One thing to watch out for with using Band 4 is that shadows in your scene will likely have similar DN values to water, so they could end up in the thresholded ROI. If this becomes a problem, you might have to switch to using a supervised classification technique like Maximum Likelihood, Spectral Angle Mapper, or Support Vector Machine to obtain a region that covers the extent of your lake. At that point, you can turn it into an ROI and obtain an area measurement of it.
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