MPFITFUN Name
MPFITFUN
Author
Craig B. Markwardt, NASA/GSFC Code 662, Greenbelt, MD 20770
craigm@lheamail.gsfc.nasa.gov
UPDATED VERSIONs can be found on my WEB PAGE:
http://cow.physics.wisc.edu/~craigm/idl/idl.html
Purpose
Perform Levenberg-Marquardt least-squares fit to IDL function
Major Topics
Curve and Surface Fitting
Calling Sequence
parms = MPFITFUN(MYFUNCT, X, Y, ERR, start_params, ...)
Description
MPFITFUN fits a user-supplied model -- in the form of an IDL
function -- to a set of user-supplied data. MPFITFUN calls
MPFIT, the MINPACK-1 least-squares minimizer, to do the main
work.
Given the data and their uncertainties, MPFITFUN finds the best set
of model parameters which match the data (in a least-squares
sense) and returns them in an array.
The user must supply the following items:
- An array of independent variable values ("X").
- An array of "measured" *dependent* variable values ("Y").
- An array of "measured" 1-sigma uncertainty values ("ERR").
- The name of an IDL function which computes Y given X ("MYFUNCT").
- Starting guesses for all of the parameters ("START_PARAMS").
There are very few restrictions placed on X, Y or MYFUNCT. Simply
put, MYFUNCT must map the "X" values into "Y" values given the
model parameters. The "X" values may represent any independent
variable (not just Cartesian X), and indeed may be multidimensional
themselves. For example, in the application of image fitting, X
may be a 2xN array of image positions.
Data values of NaN or Infinity for "Y", "ERR" or "WEIGHTS" will be
ignored as missing data if the NAN keyword is set. Otherwise, they
may cause the fitting loop to halt with an error message. Note
that the fit will still halt if the model function, or its
derivatives, produces infinite or NaN values.
MPFITFUN carefully avoids passing large arrays where possible to
improve performance.
See below for an example of usage.
User Function
The user must define a function which returns the model value. For
applications which use finite-difference derivatives -- the default
-- the user function should be declared in the following way:
FUNCTION MYFUNCT, X, P
; The independent variable is X
; Parameter values are passed in "P"
YMOD = ... computed model values at X ...
return, YMOD
END
The returned array YMOD must have the same dimensions and type as
the "measured" Y values.
User functions may also indicate a fatal error condition
using the ERROR_CODE common block variable, as described
below under the MPFIT_ERROR common block definition.
See the discussion under "EXPLICIT DERIVATIVES" and AUTODERIVATIVE
in MPFIT.PRO if you wish to compute the derivatives for yourself.
AUTODERIVATIVE is accepted by MPFITFUN and passed directly to
MPFIT. The user function must accept one additional parameter, DP,
which contains the derivative of the user function with respect to
each parameter at each data point, as described in MPFIT.PRO.
Constraining Parameter Values With The Parinfo Keyword
The behavior of MPFIT can be modified with respect to each
parameter to be fitted. A parameter value can be fixed; simple
boundary constraints can be imposed; limitations on the parameter
changes can be imposed; properties of the automatic derivative can
be modified; and parameters can be tied to one another.
These properties are governed by the PARINFO structure, which is
passed as a keyword parameter to MPFIT.
PARINFO should be an array of structures, one for each parameter.
Each parameter is associated with one element of the array, in
numerical order. The structure can have the following entries
(none are required):
.VALUE - the starting parameter value (but see the START_PARAMS
parameter for more information).
.FIXED - a boolean value, whether the parameter is to be held
fixed or not. Fixed parameters are not varied by
MPFIT, but are passed on to MYFUNCT for evaluation.
.LIMITED - a two-element boolean array. If the first/second
element is set, then the parameter is bounded on the
lower/upper side. A parameter can be bounded on both
sides. Both LIMITED and LIMITS must be given
together.
.LIMITS - a two-element float or double array. Gives the
parameter limits on the lower and upper sides,
respectively. Zero, one or two of these values can be
set, depending on the values of LIMITED. Both LIMITED
and LIMITS must be given together.
.PARNAME - a string, giving the name of the parameter. The
fitting code of MPFIT does not use this tag in any
way. However, the default ITERPROC will print the
parameter name if available.
.STEP - the step size to be used in calculating the numerical
derivatives. If set to zero, then the step size is
computed automatically. Ignored when AUTODERIVATIVE=0.
This value is superceded by the RELSTEP value.
.RELSTEP - the *relative* step size to be used in calculating
the numerical derivatives. This number is the
fractional size of the step, compared to the
parameter value. This value supercedes the STEP
setting. If the parameter is zero, then a default
step size is chosen.
.MPSIDE - the sidedness of the finite difference when computing
numerical derivatives. This field can take four
values:
0 - one-sided derivative computed automatically
1 - one-sided derivative (f(x+h) - f(x) )/h
-1 - one-sided derivative (f(x) - f(x-h))/h
2 - two-sided derivative (f(x+h) - f(x-h))/(2*h)
Where H is the STEP parameter described above. The
"automatic" one-sided derivative method will chose a
direction for the finite difference which does not
violate any constraints. The other methods do not
perform this check. The two-sided method is in
principle more precise, but requires twice as many
function evaluations. Default: 0.
.MPMAXSTEP - the maximum change to be made in the parameter
value. During the fitting process, the parameter
will never be changed by more than this value in
one iteration.
A value of 0 indicates no maximum. Default: 0.
.TIED - a string expression which "ties" the parameter to other
free or fixed parameters as an equality constraint. Any
expression involving constants and the parameter array P
are permitted.
Example: if parameter 2 is always to be twice parameter
1 then use the following: parinfo[2].tied = '2 * P[1]'.
Since they are totally constrained, tied parameters are
considered to be fixed; no errors are computed for them.
[ NOTE: the PARNAME can't be used in a TIED expression. ]
.MPPRINT - if set to 1, then the default ITERPROC will print the
parameter value. If set to 0, the parameter value
will not be printed. This tag can be used to
selectively print only a few parameter values out of
many. Default: 1 (all parameters printed)
.MPFORMAT - IDL format string to print the parameter within
ITERPROC. Default: '(G20.6)' (An empty string will
also use the default.)
Future modifications to the PARINFO structure, if any, will involve
adding structure tags beginning with the two letters "MP".
Therefore programmers are urged to avoid using tags starting with
"MP", but otherwise they are free to include their own fields
within the PARINFO structure, which will be ignored by MPFIT.
PARINFO Example:
parinfo = replicate({value:0.D, fixed:0, limited:[0,0], $
limits:[0.D,0]}, 5)
parinfo[0].fixed = 1
parinfo[4].limited[0] = 1
parinfo[4].limits[0] = 50.D
parinfo[*].value = [5.7D, 2.2, 500., 1.5, 2000.]
A total of 5 parameters, with starting values of 5.7,
2.2, 500, 1.5, and 2000 are given. The first parameter
is fixed at a value of 5.7, and the last parameter is
constrained to be above 50.
Compatibility
This function is designed to work with IDL 5.0 or greater.
Because TIED parameters rely on the EXECUTE() function, they cannot
be used with the free version of the IDL Virtual Machine.
Inputs
MYFUNCT - a string variable containing the name of an IDL function.
This function computes the "model" Y values given the
X values and model parameters, as desribed above.
X - Array of independent variable values.
Y - Array of "measured" dependent variable values. Y should have
the same data type as X. The function MYFUNCT should map
X->Y.
NOTE: the following special cases apply:
* if Y is NaN or Infinite, and the NAN keyword is
set, then the corresponding data point is ignored
ERR - Array of "measured" 1-sigma uncertainties. ERR should have
the same data type as Y. ERR is ignored if the WEIGHTS
keyword is specified.
NOTE: the following special cases apply:
* if ERR is zero, then the corresponding data point
is ignored
* if ERR is NaN or Infinite, and the NAN keyword is
set, then the corresponding data point is ignored
* if ERR is negative, then the absolute value of
ERR is used.
START_PARAMS - An array of starting values for each of the
parameters of the model. The number of parameters
should be fewer than the number of measurements.
Also, the parameters should have the same data type
as the measurements (double is preferred).
This parameter is optional if the PARINFO keyword
is used (see MPFIT). The PARINFO keyword provides
a mechanism to fix or constrain individual
parameters. If both START_PARAMS and PARINFO are
passed, then the starting *value* is taken from
START_PARAMS, but the *constraints* are taken from
PARINFO.
Returns
Returns the array of best-fit parameters.
Keyword Parameters
BESTNORM - the value of the summed squared residuals for the
returned parameter values.
BEST_FJAC - upon return, BEST_FJAC contains the Jacobian, or
partial derivative, matrix for the best-fit model.
The values are an array,
ARRAY(N_ELEMENTS(DEVIATES),NFREE) where NFREE is the
number of free parameters. This array is only
computed if /CALC_FJAC is set, otherwise BEST_FJAC is
undefined.
The returned array is such that BEST_FJAC[I,J] is the
partial derivative of the model with respect to
parameter PARMS[PFREE_INDEX[J]].
BEST_RESID - upon return, an array of best-fit deviates,
normalized by the weights or errors.
COVAR - the covariance matrix for the set of parameters returned
by MPFIT. The matrix is NxN where N is the number of
parameters. The square root of the diagonal elements
gives the formal 1-sigma statistical errors on the
parameters IF errors were treated "properly" in MYFUNC.
Parameter errors are also returned in PERROR.
To compute the correlation matrix, PCOR, use this example:
PCOR = COV * 0
FOR i = 0, n-1 DO FOR j = 0, n-1 DO $
PCOR[i,j] = COV[i,j]/sqrt(COV[i,i]*COV[j,j])
or equivalently, in vector notation,
PCOR = COV / (PERROR # PERROR)
If NOCOVAR is set or MPFIT terminated abnormally, then
COVAR is set to a scalar with value !VALUES.D_NAN.
CASH - when set, the fit statistic is changed to a derivative of
the CASH statistic. The model function must be strictly
positive. WARNING: this option is incomplete and untested.
DOF - number of degrees of freedom, computed as
DOF = N_ELEMENTS(DEVIATES) - NFREE
Note that this doesn't account for pegged parameters (see
NPEGGED). It also does not account for data points which
are assigned zero weight, for example if :
* WEIGHTS[i] EQ 0, or
* ERR[i] EQ infinity, or
* any of the values is "undefined" and /NAN is set.
ERRMSG - a string error or warning message is returned.
FTOL - a nonnegative input variable. Termination occurs when both
the actual and predicted relative reductions in the sum of
squares are at most FTOL (and STATUS is accordingly set to
1 or 3). Therefore, FTOL measures the relative error
desired in the sum of squares. Default: 1D-10
FUNCTARGS - A structure which contains the parameters to be passed
to the user-supplied function specified by MYFUNCT via
the _EXTRA mechanism. This is the way you can pass
additional data to your user-supplied function without
using common blocks.
By default, no extra parameters are passed to the
user-supplied function.
GTOL - a nonnegative input variable. Termination occurs when the
cosine of the angle between fvec and any column of the
jacobian is at most GTOL in absolute value (and STATUS is
accordingly set to 4). Therefore, GTOL measures the
orthogonality desired between the function vector and the
columns of the jacobian. Default: 1D-10
ITERARGS - The keyword arguments to be passed to ITERPROC via the
_EXTRA mechanism. This should be a structure, and is
similar in operation to FUNCTARGS.
Default: no arguments are passed.
ITERPROC - The name of a procedure to be called upon each NPRINT
iteration of the MPFIT routine. It should be declared
in the following way:
PRO ITERPROC, MYFUNCT, p, iter, fnorm, FUNCTARGS=fcnargs, $
PARINFO=parinfo, QUIET=quiet, ...
; perform custom iteration update
END
ITERPROC must either accept all three keyword
parameters (FUNCTARGS, PARINFO and QUIET), or at least
accept them via the _EXTRA keyword.
MYFUNCT is the user-supplied function to be minimized,
P is the current set of model parameters, ITER is the
iteration number, and FUNCTARGS are the arguments to be
passed to MYFUNCT. FNORM should be the
chi-squared value. QUIET is set when no textual output
should be printed. See below for documentation of
PARINFO.
In implementation, ITERPROC can perform updates to the
terminal or graphical user interface, to provide
feedback while the fit proceeds. If the fit is to be
stopped for any reason, then ITERPROC should set the
common block variable ERROR_CODE to negative value (see
MPFIT_ERROR common block below). In principle,
ITERPROC should probably not modify the parameter
values, because it may interfere with the algorithm's
stability. In practice it is allowed.
Default: an internal routine is used to print the
parameter values.
MAXITER - The maximum number of iterations to perform. If the
number of calculation iterations exceeds MAXITER, then
the STATUS value is set to 5 and MPFIT returns.
If MAXITER EQ 0, then MPFIT does not iterate to adjust
parameter values; however, the user function is evaluated
and parameter errors/covariance/Jacobian are estimated
before returning.
Default: 200 iterations
NAN - ignore infinite or NaN values in the Y, ERR or WEIGHTS
parameters. These values will be treated as missing data.
However, the fit will still halt with an error condition
if the model function becomes infinite.
NFEV - the number of MYFUNCT function evaluations performed.
NFREE - the number of free parameters in the fit. This includes
parameters which are not FIXED and not TIED, but it does
include parameters which are pegged at LIMITS.
NITER - the number of iterations completed.
NOCOVAR - set this keyword to prevent the calculation of the
covariance matrix before returning (see COVAR)
NPEGGED - the number of free parameters which are pegged at a
LIMIT.
NPRINT - The frequency with which ITERPROC is called. A value of
1 indicates that ITERPROC is called with every iteration,
while 2 indicates every other iteration, etc. Be aware
that several Levenberg-Marquardt attempts can be made in
a single iteration. Also, the ITERPROC is *always*
called for the final iteration, regardless of the
iteration number.
Default value: 1
PARINFO - A one-dimensional array of structures.
Provides a mechanism for more sophisticated constraints
to be placed on parameter values. When PARINFO is not
passed, then it is assumed that all parameters are free
and unconstrained. Values in PARINFO are never
modified during a call to MPFIT.
See description above for the structure of PARINFO.
Default value: all parameters are free and unconstrained.
PERROR - The formal 1-sigma errors in each parameter, computed
from the covariance matrix. If a parameter is held
fixed, or if it touches a boundary, then the error is
reported as zero.
If the fit is unweighted (i.e. no errors were given, or
the weights were uniformly set to unity), then PERROR
will probably not represent the true parameter
uncertainties.
*If* you can assume that the true reduced chi-squared
value is unity -- meaning that the fit is implicitly
assumed to be of good quality -- then the estimated
parameter uncertainties can be computed by scaling PERROR
by the measured chi-squared value.
DOF = N_ELEMENTS(X) - N_ELEMENTS(PARMS) ; deg of freedom
PCERROR = PERROR * SQRT(BESTNORM / DOF) ; scaled uncertainties
PFREE_INDEX - upon return, PFREE_INDEX contains an index array
which indicates which parameter were allowed to
vary. I.e. of all the parameters PARMS, only
PARMS[PFREE_INDEX] were varied.
QUERY - if set, then MPFIT() will return immediately with one of
the following values:
1 - if MIN_VERSION is not set
1 - if MIN_VERSION is set and MPFIT satisfies the minimum
0 - if MIN_VERSION is set and MPFIT does not satisfy it
Default: not set.
QUIET - set this keyword when no textual output should be printed
by MPFIT
STATUS - an integer status code is returned. All values greater
than zero can represent success (however STATUS EQ 5 may
indicate failure to converge). It can have one of the
following values:
-18 a fatal execution error has occurred. More information
may be available in the ERRMSG string.
-16 a parameter or function value has become infinite or an
undefined number. This is usually a consequence of
numerical overflow in the user's model function, which
must be avoided.
-15 to -1
these are error codes that either MYFUNCT or ITERPROC
may return to terminate the fitting process (see
description of MPFIT_ERROR common below). If either
MYFUNCT or ITERPROC set ERROR_CODE to a negative number,
then that number is returned in STATUS. Values from -15
to -1 are reserved for the user functions and will not
clash with MPFIT.
0 improper input parameters.
1 both actual and predicted relative reductions
in the sum of squares are at most FTOL.
2 relative error between two consecutive iterates
is at most XTOL
3 conditions for STATUS = 1 and STATUS = 2 both hold.
4 the cosine of the angle between fvec and any
column of the jacobian is at most GTOL in
absolute value.
5 the maximum number of iterations has been reached
6 FTOL is too small. no further reduction in
the sum of squares is possible.
7 XTOL is too small. no further improvement in
the approximate solution x is possible.
8 GTOL is too small. fvec is orthogonal to the
columns of the jacobian to machine precision.
WEIGHTS - Array of weights to be used in calculating the
chi-squared value. If WEIGHTS is specified then the ERR
parameter is ignored. The chi-squared value is computed
as follows:
CHISQ = TOTAL( (Y-MYFUNCT(X,P))^2 * ABS(WEIGHTS) )
Here are common values of WEIGHTS for standard weightings:
1D/ERR^2 - Normal weighting (ERR is the measurement error)
1D/Y - Poisson weighting (counting statistics)
1D - Unweighted
NOTE: the following special cases apply:
* if WEIGHTS is zero, then the corresponding data point
is ignored
* if WEIGHTS is NaN or Infinite, and the NAN keyword is
set, then the corresponding data point is ignored
* if WEIGHTS is negative, then the absolute value of
WEIGHTS is used.
XTOL - a nonnegative input variable. Termination occurs when the
relative error between two consecutive iterates is at most
XTOL (and STATUS is accordingly set to 2 or 3). Therefore,
XTOL measures the relative error desired in the approximate
solution. Default: 1D-10
YFIT - the best-fit model function, as returned by MYFUNCT.
Example
; First, generate some synthetic data
npts = 200
x = dindgen(npts) * 0.1 - 10. ; Independent variable
yi = gauss1(x, [2.2D, 1.4, 3000.]) ; "Ideal" Y variable
y = yi + randomn(seed, npts) * sqrt(1000. + yi); Measured, w/ noise
sy = sqrt(1000.D + y) ; Poisson errors
; Now fit a Gaussian to see how well we can recover
p0 = [1.D, 1., 1000.] ; Initial guess (cent, width, area)
p = mpfitfun('GAUSS1', x, y, sy, p0) ; Fit a function
print, p
Generates a synthetic data set with a Gaussian peak, and Poisson
statistical uncertainty. Then the same function is fitted to the
data (with different starting parameters) to see how close we can
get. Common Blocks
COMMON MPFIT_ERROR, ERROR_CODE
User routines may stop the fitting process at any time by
setting an error condition. This condition may be set in either
the user's model computation routine (MYFUNCT), or in the
iteration procedure (ITERPROC).
To stop the fitting, the above common block must be declared,
and ERROR_CODE must be set to a negative number. After the user
procedure or function returns, MPFIT checks the value of this
common block variable and exits immediately if the error
condition has been set. By default the value of ERROR_CODE is
zero, indicating a successful function/procedure call.
References
MINPACK-1, Jorge More', available from netlib (www.netlib.org).
"Optimization Software Guide," Jorge More' and Stephen Wright,
SIAM, *Frontiers in Applied Mathematics*, Number 14.
Modification History
Written, Apr-Jul 1998, CM
Added PERROR keyword, 04 Aug 1998, CM
Added COVAR keyword, 20 Aug 1998, CM
Added ITER output keyword, 05 Oct 1998
D.L Windt, Bell Labs, windt@bell-labs.com;
Added ability to return model function in YFIT, 09 Nov 1998
Analytical derivatives allowed via AUTODERIVATIVE keyword, 09 Nov 1998
Parameter values can be tied to others, 09 Nov 1998
Cosmetic documentation updates, 16 Apr 1999, CM
More cosmetic documentation updates, 14 May 1999, CM
Made sure to update STATUS, 25 Sep 1999, CM
Added WEIGHTS keyword, 25 Sep 1999, CM
Changed from handles to common blocks, 25 Sep 1999, CM
- commons seem much cleaner and more logical in this case.
Alphabetized documented keywords, 02 Oct 1999, CM
Added QUERY keyword and query checking of MPFIT, 29 Oct 1999, CM
Corrected EXAMPLE (offset of 1000), 30 Oct 1999, CM
Check to be sure that X and Y are present, 02 Nov 1999, CM
Documented PERROR for unweighted fits, 03 Nov 1999, CM
Changed to ERROR_CODE for error condition, 28 Jan 2000, CM
Corrected errors in EXAMPLE, 26 Mar 2000, CM
Copying permission terms have been liberalized, 26 Mar 2000, CM
Propagated improvements from MPFIT, 17 Dec 2000, CM
Added CASH statistic, 10 Jan 2001
Added NFREE and NPEGGED keywords, 11 Sep 2002, CM
Documented RELSTEP field of PARINFO (!!), CM, 25 Oct 2002
Add DOF keyword to return degrees of freedom, CM, 23 June 2003
Convert to IDL 5 array syntax (!), 16 Jul 2006, CM
Move STRICTARR compile option inside each function/procedure, 9
Oct 2006
Add NAN keyword, to ignore non-finite data values, 28 Oct 2006, CM
Clarify documentation on user-function, derivatives, and PARINFO,
27 May 2007
Fix bug in handling of explicit derivatives with errors/weights
(the weights were not being applied), CM, 03 Sep 2007
Add COMPATIBILITY section, CM, 13 Dec 2007
Add documentation about NAN behavior, CM, 30 Mar 2009
Add keywords BEST_RESIDS, CALC_FJAC, BEST_FJAC, PFREE_INDEX;
update some documentation that had become stale, CM, 2010-10-28
Documentation corrections, CM, 2011-08-26