The EMBOSS function applies a convolution operator to a 2D image array to generate an array containing difference values that represent edges in the original image. This process imparts an embossed appearance to the image.
Examples
The EMBOSS function can be used to enhance the appearance of edges by making some regions of the image appear raised:
file = FILEPATH('mineral.png', $
SUBDIR=['examples','data'])
READ_PNG, file, mineral
result = EMBOSS(mineral, /ADD_BACK, AZIMUTH=225)
p0 = IMAGE(mineral, LAYOUT=[2,1,1], $
TITLE='Original image')
p1 = IMAGE(result, LAYOUT=[2,1,2], /CURRENT, $
TITLE='EMBOSSed image')
Note: Also see Detecting Edges for additional information and examples.
Syntax
Result = EMBOSS (Array [, /ADD_BACK] [, AZIMUTH=value] [, BIAS=value] [, /CENTER] [, /EDGE_TRUNCATE] [, /EDGE_WRAP] [, /EDGE_ZERO] [, INVALID=value] [, MISSING=value] [, /NAN] [, /NORMALIZE] )
Return Value
EMBOSS returns a signed difference array of the same shape as the input array. The input type is converted to an output type as follows:
|
Input |
Output |
|
BYTE |
INT |
|
INT |
LONG |
|
UINT |
LONG |
|
ULONG |
LONG64 |
|
ULONG64 |
LONG64 |
|
Non-numeric types: not allowed
|
|
All other types |
Same as input type
|
Arguments
Array
A 2D array of any numeric type containing the image.
Keywords
ADD_BACK
Set this keyword to cause EMBOSS to add the original input array back into the computed difference array. This approach can be used to create an embossed image. The function returns the array with the same dimensions and type as the input array and clips the intermediate signed result to the data range of the input type.
AZIMUTH
Set this keyword equal to a scalar value to approximate the angular position (in degrees) of the light source used to create the embossing effect. The default is 0 degrees, which specifies that the light is coming from the right. The angular position increases in a counter-clockwise direction.
The light source calculations are much more precise if the input data is floating-point.
BIAS
Set this keyword equal to the bias offset to be added to each result value. If you have negative kernel values and a byte or unsigned integer input array, you can use this keyword to ensure that the result values are within the range of your data type.
Note: The same BIAS is added to each result value, regardless of any missing data specified by the INVALID or NAN keywords. It is usually not appropriate to add the full BIAS if portions of the kernel were not applied due to missing data. In this case, you might want to use the NORMALIZE keyword instead.
CENTER
Set or omit this keyword to center the kernel over each array point. If CENTER is explicitly set to zero, the EMBOSS function works in the conventional mathematical sense.
Note that for the kernel to be centered, it must be symmetric about the point K[FLOOR(m/2)], where m is the number of elements in the kernel. In many signal and image processing applications, it is useful to center a symmetric kernel over the data, thereby aligning the result with the original array.
EDGE_TRUNCATE
Set this keyword to make EMBOSS compute the values of elements at the edge of Array by repeating the subscripts of Array (where A is an n-element vector, K is an k-element vector (k≤n), and S is the scale factor) at the edge. For example, if CENTER is set to zero:
where n is the number of elements in Array.
If none of the EDGE_* keywords are set, EMBOSS sets the values of Result to zero (or the value of BIAS) where the kernel extends beyond the edge.
EDGE_WRAP
Set this keyword to make EMBOSS compute the values of elements at the edge of Array by “wrapping” the subscripts of Array (where A is an n-element vector, K is an k-element vector (k≤n), and S is the scale factor) at the edge. For example, if CENTER is set to zero:
where n is the number of elements in Array.
If none of the EDGE_* keywords are set, EMBOSS sets the values of Result to zero (or the value of BIAS) where the kernel extends beyond the edge.
EDGE_ZERO
Set this keyword to make EMBOSS compute the values of elements at the edge of Array (where A is an n-element vector, K is an k-element vector (k≤n), and S is the scale factor) as if the array were padded with zeroes. For example, if CENTER is set to zero:
If none of the EDGE_* keywords are set, EMBOSS sets the values of Result to zero (or the value of BIAS) where the kernel extends beyond the edge.
INVALID
Set this keyword equal to a scalar value of the same type as Array that should be used to indicate missing or invalid data within Array. Missing data are ignored when computing the convolution for neighboring elements. In Result, missing elements are replaced by the convolution of all other valid points within the kernel. If all points within the kernel are missing, the result at that point is given by the value of the MISSING keyword.
Tip: The INVALID keyword has the same effect as the NAN keyword, but is useful for byte or integer data that have missing values.
Note: The INVALID keyword uses a simple comparison to ignore values and should not be set to NaN. For floating-point data, you can use the INVALID and NAN keywords simultaneously to filter out both user-defined values and NaN or Infinity values.
MISSING
Set this keyword equal to the numeric value to return for elements that contain no valid points within the kernel. The default is zero for byte or integer input, and NaN for floating-point input. This keyword is only used if the INVALID or NAN keyword is set.
NAN
Set this keyword to cause the routine to check for occurrences of the IEEE floating-point values NaN or Infinity in the input data. Elements with the value NaN or Infinity are treated as missing data. Missing data are ignored when computing the convolution for neighboring elements. In Result, missing elements are replaced by the convolution of all other valid points within the kernel. If all points within the kernel are missing, then the result at that point is given by the MISSING keyword.
Note: EMBOSS should never be called without the NAN keyword if the input array may possibly contain NaN or Infinity values.
NORMALIZE
Set this keyword to automatically compute a bias and apply it to the result values. If this keyword is set, the BIAS keyword is ignored.
For BYTE or UINT, the bias is defined as the sum of the absolute values of the negative Kernel values, multiplied by either (255/Scale) for BYTE or (65535/Scale) for UINT, where Scale is the computed scale factor. For all other types, the bias is zero.
Tip: If NORMALIZE is set and your input array has missing data (the INVALID or NAN keywords are set), for each result value the scale factor and bias are computed using only those kernel values that contributed to that result value. This ensures that all result values are comparable in magnitude, regardless of any missing data.
Threadpool Keywords
This routine is written to make use of IDL’s thread pool, which can increase execution speed on systems with multiple CPUs. The values stored in the !CPU system variable control whether IDL uses the thread pool for a given computation. In addition, you can use the thread pool keywords TPOOL_MAX_ELTS, TPOOL_MIN_ELTS, and TPOOL_NOTHREAD to override the defaults established by !CPU for a single invocation of this routine. See Thread Pool Keywords.
Version History
See Also
CONVOL, EDGE_DOG, LAPLACIAN, PREWITT, ROBERTS, SHIFT_DIFF, SOBEL